UNIT 1
A MUSICAL PERFORMANCE
We can enjoy music in many different ways. We can listen to music alone or we can see other performances where music is combined with other kinds of artistic entertainment.
When we see a musical show, we don’t only listen to the music, we see a combination of sound and images that make us feel a variety of emotions and sensations. This year, we are going to learn about all these different kinds of musical performances.
Sometimes, music is the most important thing, like at concerts, for example, when we listen to classical music, jazz, pop or rock music and the musician’s movements, the lighting, the special effects and very often the background videos, play an important part in the representation.
In other performances, like in classical ballet, light operas, musical show and operas, the visual effects, the dances and the scenery are almost as important as the music.
UNIT CONTENTS
The pentatonic scale is made up for five notes. DO-RE-MI-SOL-LA
Music signs and rest: Semibreve, Minim, Crotchet, Quaver
Sound Qualities: Intensity, Height, Length, Timbre
· INTENSITY: Loud (f) or Soft (p)
· HEIGHT: High ( ) or Low ( )
· LENGTH: Short ( ) or Long ( )
· TIMBRE: person or thing that makes the sound
The RONDO: is a musical form that consists in the repetition of the main theme alternating with others. This sequence is a RONDO (ABACADA)
UNIT 2
CONCERTS
In many Types of musical shows, like for example at a concert, the music is more important than the visual elements. When we say “concerts”, we mean when we watch the musicians playing without any special effects or scenery. There are two types of classical music concerts: Symphonic or chamber music. When we watch a symphonic orchestra playing, the orchestra itself and the conductor are the important visual elements, although sometimes, a soloist playing the violin, the piano or the trumpet can be the real, outstanding attraction of the concert.
In chamber concerts, the musicians are the main visual element because they play in small groups, duets, trios or quartets. Sometimes musicians play alone, like for example at a piano recital, or accompanied by a singer.
At jazz concerts the musicians are the most important visual attraction because they move their bodies to the rhythm of their music as they play. In other concerts such as rock, pop or folk concerts, visual elements lie dancers, specials lighting effects, videos and other surprise elements can all form part of the show.
UNIT CONTENTS
Concerts: Folk music, Medieval music, Choir, Humorous music, Classical music, Rock music, Pop music, Jazz music…
The RHYTHM is the division of the beats in equal parts.
The rhythm can be BINARY, TERNARY or QUATERNARY, depending the number of beats between one accent (> = master beat) and the next one.
Music signs: Upright bar line, Double bar line, Repetition dots, repetition bar, repetition marks.
Accent ( >) is the note that sound louder than others.
UNIT 3
JAZZ MUSIC
Jazz, music that originated in the United States, is the music that the African slaves combined with the music that was popular amongst the white population and created their own style.
At the beginning of the 20th century in the American city of New Orleans, the black population organized music festivals and new bands playing wind and percussion instruments appeared. Their music, which they called Dixieland and very often improvised, was strong and rhythmical. Also another style of music appeared called Blues, songs where the black people sang songs about their own lives.
As time went by, new rhythms and dances also appeared in New Orleans and many famous musicians started playing them. Little by little they became famous all over the United States and finally, all over the world.
In 1930s and 40s, many white musicians started playing jazz and started what we know as big bands. These bands played jazz with a new style and rhythm called Swing. In later years, more musical styles such Be Bop and Latin Jazz appeared to keep the roots of jazz, the African spiritual music that influenced Rock and Soul alive today.
UNIT CONTENTS
The JAZZ instruments are: woodwind (clarinet, saxophone), metal wind or brass (trumpet, trombone), string we pluck (electric guitar), string we strike (piano), percussion (drum set), voice.
The DOT is a sign we write after a note to make it longer by half its value.
The musical scale is a fixed sequence of musical notes in the stave. They can be ascending (DO-RE-MI-FA-SOL-LA-SI) or descending (SI-LA-SOL-FA-MI-RE-DO)
The TEMPO, also called movement, is the speed at which we have to play a piece of music. We use aMETRONOME to regulate the correct speed.
UNIT 4
BALLET
Ballet tells us stories through music, dance and gestures.
Ballet, as we know it today began in Paris in the year 1581 with Queen’s Comic Ballet. Ten thousand people attended to watch hundreds of dancers perform a choreography that lasted six hours. One century later, the French king Louis XIV created the Royal Ballet with well-known experience teachers.
The 19th century was the golden age of “Classical Ballet”. The dancers, who were professional acrobats, dressed in tutus and wore special shoes so that they could dance on tip-toe. France and Russia became famous for their ballets. Tchaikowsky, the Russian composer, composed two of the most famous ballets in the world. The Nutcracker Suite and Sleeping Beauty.
In 20th century, new dancing styles appeared. The tutus and special shoes for dancing tip-toe disappeared. New movements were introduced and dancers started using new forms corporal expressions. One of the most important composers in this period was the Russian composer Igor Stravinsky.
Today, we can see a large variety or classical and modern ballets where many different lighting and special effects are included to make the performance entertaining in every way.
UNIT CONTENTS
Dancing and culture: Egyptian dance, Middle Ages dances, Waltz, Charleston, Rock & Roll
The semiquaver and the semiquaver rest
The sign and rest tree
The CUADRATURE is a symmetrical way of organizing musical cells into rhythmical pairs. The result is that we listen in an organized manner.
UNIT 5
LIGHT OPERAS AND MUSICAL SHOWS
Some musical shows combine the parts that are spoken with the parts that are sung. This kind of show had different names depending on the historical period and the country. In Germany it was calledSingspiel, in Austria, France and England it was called Light Opera and in Spain Zarzuela.
Mozart composed same magnificent Singspiel, like for example, The Magic Flute. In Spain composers like Ruperto Chapí composed “La Revoltosa” or Francisco Asenjo Barbieri “El Barberillo de Lavapies”.
In the second half of the 20th century, Musical Shows began in a neighborhood called Brodway in the city of New York. Some important composers like Cole Porter, Leonard Bernstein and Andrew Lloyd Weber composed some of the most well known musical shows such as Jesus Christ Super Star, Cabaret or Evita. In the last fifty years ther have been many other famous productions like Fame, Grease or The Lion King.
UNIT CONTENTS
Operetta, Zarzuela, Musical Shows
The repetition marks
The lengthen signs
· The DOT (.) is a sign that we write after a note to make it longer by half its value.
· 
TIES ( ) are curved lines that join notes that are next to each other to make one continuous sound
TIES ( ) are curved lines that join notes that are next to each other to make one continuous sound
· 
PAUSE ( . ) we can stop or lengthen a note
PAUSE ( . ) we can stop or lengthen a note
UNIT 6
OPERA
Opera is considered an art because it combines drama, music, scenery and sometimes even dancing. In an opera, the singers sing and act accompanied by an orchestra to tell a story.
The 1st operas began in the 17th century and they told the stories of the Greek and Roman gods and heroes. One of the most important composers in this period is Haendel.
In the second half of the 18th century, opera changed slowly. One of the most important composers is this period is Mozart.
The 19th century was the most important time in the history of opera. A new style called Opera Buffa by Rossini developed. This was followed by what we call Bel Canto where the singers had to perform high, complicated notes which were often difficult to sing.
From the middle of the 19th century onwards, orchestras and choirs became important in operas. In this period, two great composers, Giuseppe Verdi and Richard Wagner, the revolutionary composer, changed the world of opera.
In the 20th century and 21st century, lasrge orchestras and special technical effects are characteristics in the operas we see today
UNIT CONTENTS
Opera parts: Overture, Aria, duet, trio, quartet, quintet, choir
The LEDGER LINES or ADDITIONAL LINES are small lines we write above or below the stave to situate the notes that are not written on it.
Copyright: Feel the Music PEARSON ALWAYS LEARNING
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